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Life-cycle assessment. Illustration of the general phases of a life cycle assessment, as described by ISO 14040. Life cycle assessment ( LCA ), also known as life cycle analysis, is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service.
Life-cycle cost analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is an economic analysis tool to determine the most cost-effective option to purchase, run, sustain or dispose of an object or process. The method is popular in helping managers determine economic sustainability by figuring out the life cycle of a product or process.
Target costing is an approach to determine a product's life-cycle cost which should be sufficient to develop specified functionality and quality, while ensuring its desired profit. It involves setting a target cost by subtracting a desired profit margin from a competitive market price. [1] A target cost is the maximum amount of cost that can be ...
The methodology is closely related to, and overlaps with, life-cycle assessment (LCA) to assess environmental impacts; and life cycle costing (LCC) to assess economic impacts. The product life cycle The product life cycle is formally defined by ISO 14040 as the "consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material ...
Life cycle thinking is an approach that emphasizes the assessment and minimization of environmental impacts at all stages of a product's life. This concept seeks to avoid shifting environmental burdens from one stage of the product's life to another. It also recognizes the importance of technological innovation in tackling environmental issues.
• Life-cycle costing and capital replacement budgeting • Preliminary construction schedules and cash flow projections NATIONAL PARK SERVICE The U.S. Department of Interior’s (DOI) National Park Ser-vice (NPS) is responsible for the management of 391 park units, which include many of the most recognizable and notable built
Process costing. Process costing is an accounting methodology that traces and accumulates direct costs, and allocates indirect costs of a manufacturing process. Costs are assigned to products, usually in a large batch, which might include an entire month's production. Eventually, costs have to be allocated to individual units of product.
Life Cycle Costing as an Aid in Decision Making. Blake, Robert. Building Research, 10, 3-4, 17-20, Dec 73. Within an accepted process and measures framework, total ...
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