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  2. Wilson loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_loop

    Wilson loop. In quantum field theory, Wilson loops are gauge invariant operators arising from the parallel transport of gauge variables around closed loops. They encode all gauge information of the theory, allowing for the construction of loop representations which fully describe gauge theories in terms of these loops.

  3. Chernā€“Simons theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernā€“Simons_theory

    The gauge invariance and the metric invariance can be viewed as the invariance under the adjoint Lie group action in the Chernā€“Weil theory. The action integral (path integral) of the field theory in physics is viewed as the Lagrangian integral of the Chernā€“Simons form and Wilson loop, holonomy of vector bundle on M.

  4. Wilson action - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_action

    Wilson action. In lattice field theory, the Wilson action is a discrete formulation of the Yangā€“Mills action, forming the foundation of lattice gauge theory. Rather than using Lie algebra valued gauge fields as the fundamental parameters of the theory, group valued link fields are used instead, which correspond to the smallest Wilson lines on ...

  5. Lattice gauge theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_gauge_theory

    v. t. e. In physics, lattice gauge theory is the study of gauge theories on a spacetime that has been discretized into a lattice . Gauge theories are important in particle physics, and include the prevailing theories of elementary particles: quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and particle physics' Standard Model.

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  7. Polyakov loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyakov_loop

    Polyakov loop. In quantum field theory, the Polyakov loop is the thermal analogue of the Wilson loop, acting as an order parameter for confinement in pure gauge theories at nonzero temperatures. In particular, it is a Wilson loop that winds around the compactified Euclidean temporal direction of a thermal quantum field theory.

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