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  2. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    In common-effect relationships, several causes converge in one effect: Example of multiple causes with a single effect An increase in government spending is an example of one effect with several causes (reduced unemployment, decreased currency value, and increased deficit). In causal chains one cause triggers an effect, which triggers another ...

  3. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    Causality. Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object ( a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause. In general, a process has many causes, [1] which are also said ...

  4. Text Structure: Cause and Effect - ed

    files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED585168.pdf

    t structure of cause and effect. But first, I want to see if you understand. the concept of cause and effect. The relationship of cause and effect is to understand wh. t happened and why it hap-pened. When we want to know what hap. ened, this is called the effect. When we want to know the reasons why an event or events ha.

  5. Ishikawa diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_diagram

    Sample Ishikawa diagram shows the causes contributing to problem. The defect, or the problem to be solved, [1] is shown as the fish's head, facing to the right, with the causes extending to the left as fishbones; the ribs branch off the backbone for major causes, with sub-branches for root-causes, to as many levels as required.

  6. Bradford Hill criteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Hill_criteria

    Temporality: The effect has to occur after the cause (and if there is an expected delay between the cause and expected effect, then the effect must occur after that delay). Biological gradient (dose–response relationship): Greater exposure should generally lead to greater incidence of the effect. However, in some cases, the mere presence of ...

  7. Universal causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_causation

    Universal causation is the proposition that everything in the universe has a cause and is thus an effect of that cause. This means that if a given event occurs, then this is the result of a previous, related event. [1] If an object is in a certain state, then it is in that state as a result of another object interacting with it previously.

  8. Causal inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_inference

    Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed. [ 1][ 2 ...

  9. Causality (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality_(physics)

    Causality (physics) Physical causality is a physical relationship between causes and effects. [ 1][ 2] It is considered to be fundamental to all natural sciences and behavioural sciences, especially physics. Causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy, statistics and logic. Causality means that an effect can not occur ...